Ferraro, Geraldine Anne

Ferraro, Geraldine Anne Ferraro, Geraldine Anne f?rär ´o [key], 1935â€"2011, American political leader, b. Newburgh, N.Y., grad. Marymount College (1956), Fordham Law School (1960). A Democrat from Queens, N.Y., she began her career as a criminal prosecutor and later served three terms in the U.S. House of Representatives (1979â€"85). In 1984, as Walter Mondale 's running mate, she became the first woman nominated for the vice presidency by a major U.S. politcal party. Allegations concerning her husband's business connections and questions about their tax returns were raised during the unsuccessful campaign, and these surfaced again in her narrow defeat in the 1992 Democratic senatorial primary. After a period as a television commentator and U.S. representative on the UN Human Rights commission, she again ran for the senate and lost (1998) the primary. See her memoirs (1985, with L. B. Francke; 1998, with C. Whitney). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia Univers ity Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

Nestle Bcg - 1042 Words

BCG MATRIX Stars e. g: beverages Question mark ? e. g: breakfast cereals Low Market Growth Rate Cash Cows e. g: baby food Dog e. g: pharmaceutical products High Low High Relative Market Share STARS The stars are the high relative market share and high market growth. Nestlà © beverages are products more present on the market because this is a high quality of product and nowadays costumers like consume high quality product even if it can be expensive they prefer take care of their health. With water, coffee and cereals Nestlà © can offer the high quality product that consumers ask. CASH COWS The cash cows are baby food products. The†¦show more content†¦* THREATS * Nestlà © has a lot of major competitors because of the diversity of products offered: * Danone : Dairy products * Starbuck, Maxwell : coffee * Lindt : chocolate products * Royal canin : pet-food So, they always have to innovating in order to stay competitive. * Some of Nestlà © s products are unhealthy ( too much sugar in breakfast products, composition of substitutes breast-milk...) So, consumer’s associations or governmental advertising campaign can affect purchase consumer s behavior with some surveys which affect the Nestlà © s corporate image. * Nestlà © could meet difficulties with the bargaining power of its suppliers. For example, french milk producers are often on strike to contest the low selling price. PEST (DN) * Technological: During the last years Nestlà © tried to find a new way to give to their products the best quality possible. For example, they use now a new refrigeration system for coffee, to conserve as much as possible the flavour and the consistency of the coffee. But they want to keep secret ingredients that they put in their products, and what they do to invent new product, so this is difficult to know all the technological aspects that they use. chez Nestlà ©, l apect technologique n est que trà ¨s peu prà ©sent; Il s agit pour eux de conserver secrà ©tement la composition de leurs recettes, et d innover sur de nouveauxShow MoreRelatedThe Bcg Matrix1694 Words   |  7 PagesBCG Matrix Opportunity - Threat Analysis Submitted to: Professor Clyde By : Parth Mithani Roll No. 60 F.Y.M.M.S. Alkesh Dinesh Modi Institute for Financial amp; Management Studies. 1) The BCG Matrix The BCG / Growth-Share matrix is a model developed by the Boston Consultancy Group in the early 1970’s. It is a well known tool for a marketing manager. It is based on the observation that a company’s business units can be classified into four main categories based on combinations of market growthRead MoreMarketing Plan of Nestle2665 Words   |  11 Pagescustomers satisfied. Competitive Rivalry : In consumer products business Unilever has a large number of competitors and these competitors are in reality very strong. They range from small local corner shop retailer to big giants like Pamp;G, Kraft and Nestle. These competitors almost provide equally attractive products and services and sometimes better. These competitors have the power to attract and influence the customers by more attractive substitute, prices and marketing techniques. Threat of SubstitutionRead MoreStrategic Management Nestle3616 Words   |  15 Pageswill focus on Nestle SA and will look into the industry the company is competing in. 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In this assignment we use 3 tools to evaluate nestles competitive environment. 1) Porters Five Force Model Porter’sRead MoreEvaluating The Strategic Factors And Approaches Of Nestle Company1429 Words   |  6 PagesNestle Introduction The purpose of this assignment is to evaluate Nestle Company industry based on the case study and comprehend how the company develops strategic intent for their business organizations following the strategic factors and approaches. I will analyze the strategic management process as firm used to achieve strategic competitiveness. In order to strengthen this assignment about Nestle, there are several methods of gathering data has been conducted, such as Core Competencies analysisRead MoreCase Study : The Hobbit 1828 Words   |  8 Pagesnear him.† ― Gandalf, The Hobbit do not ignore that with which you compete, or that which can devalue your company, especially if in the same market. Nestlà © began with the merger, in 1905, of two rival milk companies, the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company (established 1866) and Socià ©tà © Farine Lactà ©e, (established 1867) by Henri Nestlà © (Nestle, 2015). Headquartered in Vevey, Switzerland, the new company’s growth was precipitous; mergers, global expansion and new products energised its progressRead MoreHaribo Case Study1079 Words   |  5 PagesTable of contents Introduction 1 1. MODELS amp; ANALYSIS 2 1. Models choices 2 2. Use of models 2 1. Porter’s five forces 2 2. BCG Matrix 3 3. Ansoff matrix 4 4. SWOT analysis 5 Bibliography 7 Table of figures Figure 1 : Porters five forces 2 Figure 2 : BCG Matrix 3 Figure 3 : Ansoff Matrix 4 Figure 4 : SWOT Analysis 5 * Introduction Nowadays, in a growing world trade, more and more companies are developing themselves atRead MoreStrategic Choices by Nestle (Chocolate Confectionery division)2052 Words   |  9 PagesStrategic Management Assignment two On Strategic Choices made by Nestle (Chocolate Confectionery Division) Introduction The strategic Choices made by Nestlà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Chocolate Confectionaries division are discussed on the basis of the cost leadership strategy, differentiation strategies and Focus strategies used in the Generic strategies and in the corporate level strategic directions used by the Nestle Head office in Switzerland in the strategic tie ups with speciality chocolate makersRead MoreNestle vs Cadbury5506 Words   |  23 Pages2 NESTLE vs CADBURY An Evaluation of the Marketing Mix of Nestle and Cadbury Submitted to: Ms Shalini Gupta Submitted by: Chaitanya Hiremath Roll no - 370 2012 Shaheed Bhagat Singh College (Delhi University) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I, a student of Shaheed Bhagat Singh College make a humble attempt to present my research project. It gives me immense pleasure to thank and extend my gratitude to Ms Shalini Gupta for extending her valuable time and continuous support in completing this project. I alsoRead MoreLogoplaste2020 Words   |  9 PagesCorporate Strategy Unilever’s ice cream brand Portfolio Students: Maria Inà ªs Galhardo, n º 150106011 Claudia Filipe, n º 150106026 Ricardo Lloret, n º 150106111 Joana Rodrigues dos Santos, n º 150106123 Diogo Sousa, n º 150106125 In order to draw the BCG matrix, we started by collecting some data. Based on the Datamonitor Market Report 2006 (appendix 1), we were able to calculate the total ice cream’s market value of 2008. We made the choice to do the work for the year 2008 because the present year

Sample Business Recommendation Letter From an Employer

Students who are applying to a business, management, or entrepreneur program will need to have at least one recommendation letter that demonstrates your leadership ability. This sample recommendation letter is the perfect example of what a business school wants to see from both undergraduate and graduate program applicants.It has been reprinted (with permission) from EssayEdge.com. Named ​one of the best essay services on the Internet by The Washington Post, EssayEdge has helped more applicants write successful personal statements than any other company in the world.Though EssayEdge did not write or edit this sample recommendation letter, it is a good example of how a recommendation should be formatted. See more sample recommendation letters. Sample Letter of Recommendation Dear Sir: Esti worked for me as my assistant for one year. I recommend her without qualification for your entrepreneur program. While working in commercial production, I often relied on Esti to put together creative presentations, for which she described and outlined the artistic approach to the project, researching illustrations and photographic reference materials. Her creativity, resourcefulness, and ability to see a project through really made these presentations distinctive and successful. When we went into production on the feature film Hotcha, Esti was able to observe every step of the process, sitting in on meetings and working with people in all areas of the production from the moment the production was set in motion through the release of the film ten months later. During this time, she was an effective communicator, often serving as my liaison to scattered members of the crew. She also coordinated projects involving numerous people, and her ability to work collaboratively while guiding the project quickly and effectively was outstanding. For example, when we suddenly needed to reconceive several action sequences that had already been storyboarded, Esti quickly found a new storyboard artist on location and worked with him, the stunt coordinator and the cinematographer through several drafts to make sure the new sequences worked, and then communicated with crew members from all departments, making sure everyone was up-to-date on the changes that were relevant to them. She even jumped in to draw a few last-minute storyboard changes herself. Estis sensitivity, diligence, energy, and sense of humor made working with her a joy. I highly recommend her as a welcome addition to the program. Sincerely,Jeff Jones

Essay on American Political Parties - 1300 Words

Political parties are critical structures in the modern society and universal phenomena in most democracies. In fact, they form major objects of intensive study as they are usually the centre of political and social power. They engage in most activities that are of significant consequence in the lives of citizens and link the common populace to the government. Therefore, it is important to understand political parties fully from every perspective of political systems so obtain their real importance in democracies. A political party is basically a group of citizens who converge as voters, activists, electoral candidates and office holders with a common party label and seek to elect party members into public offices. While modern political†¦show more content†¦The political system of America is very different from other developed and developing democracies. Most notable is the increased power bestowed on the upper house of the parliament, the extensive power held by the Suprem e Court and the dominance demonstrated by only two major parties. In the United States, third parties have the least influence on the world’s most developed democracy’s political structure. In this democracy, people are under the US Constitution of the governmental system as well as state government and other units of local government. Local government entails counties, districts and municipalities. The evolution of the American political party system has come a long way; with Hamilton and Jefferson being regarded as the founder fathers of the modern party system. These were heads of the Federalist and Anti-Federalist groups in the 18th century of American politics. Ever since, the country has maintained a party system that has two main parties that are relatively stable. These are Democrats and Republicans and have remained in contest for election every time since the 1860 presidential elections. Initially, the Republican Party was the dominant party but the Democrats later gained dominance. However, the two parties became closely competitive and neither of them has been notably dominant since the 1970s (OConnor Sabato, n.d). The two major party systems inShow MoreRelatedThe Political Parties Of The American National Public At All Times900 Words   |  4 PagesThe two leading parties in American Politics- Democrats and Republicans- have a steady base of support amongst the American public at all times. Often, support shown for the political parties is fervent, if not outright fanatical. In order for a voter that identifies as Republican to vote Democrat, their party has to go through realignment, or their ideologies and beliefs on polarizing issues has to change. To examine the extent to which party realignment can influence a voter’s party allegiance, changesRead MoreAmerican National Election Studies : Race, Political Party And Gender Essay1108 Words   |  5 Pagesdata from American National Election Studies (ANES), which included adults that were sampled across the nation. Their responses to the questions were randomly chosen. Multiple analyses were ran on the categorical demographics given: race, political party and gender. We are running all of these tests below to find out if symbolic racism and fondness of Obama are related. There were 191 females and 159 males, for a total of 350 participants. Subjects were represented by 40.9% Democratic party, 20.6 RepublicanRead MorePolitical Parties And The American Political System1657 Words   |  7 Pagesrift in the American political system marked by the ongoing clash between our political parties: the Republicans and the Democrats. These parties’ dissenting ideas seem to create non-stop conflict as each party relentlessly competes for the support and votes of the American people. However, over two hundred years ago in the early days of our country’s government, political parties did not even exist. Early leaders, such as the revered George Washington, feared that political parties would split ourRead MorePolitical Parties And The American Revolution1024 Words   |  5 PagesPolitical parties, created by th e American Revolution leaders, emerged in the 1790’s. George Washington, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and Thomas Jefferson were the four most prevalent figures in leadership during this time. Even before the creation of parties, there were strong feelings against them. George Washington stated in his Farewell Address to avoid parties because they would create factions. Factions are a group or clique within a larger group, or the government in this case. JamesRead MoreEssay on American Political Parties1589 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican Political Parties There have been many different political parties since the beginning of the American political system. A political party is made up of a group of people that share common goals and ideals, and these people work together to help elect people to offices that share these goals to represent them. Political parties work to try to control the government and their ultimate goal is to win as many elections and to gain as many offices as possible. During the time when theRead MoreThe American Two Party Political System Essay1285 Words   |  6 PagesThe American Two Party Political System Since the administration of George Washington two political parties have dominated the United States political system, but they have not always been the same two parties. The first two parties were the Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Federalists were those who supported a strong federal government and the Anti-Federalists were those who did not. The leaders of the Federalists were Alexander Hamilton and John Adams. Both were from the Northeast whereRead MoreHamilton Madisons Role in the First American Political Parties778 Words   |  4 PagesThe role Alexander Hamilton and James Madison played on the first political parties. Alexander Hamilton and James Madison were both very important political figures in the early years of our nation and their paths led them to two different political factions, The Federalist Party and the Democratic Republican Party, respectively. The years after the American Revolution were very hard on most Americans. The former colonies had huge debts to pay off from the war and the soldiers of the ContinentalRead MorePolitical Parties During Americ The Great Rights That Every American Citizen1417 Words   |  6 PagesGreenberg Honors Gov.- Period 2 16 October 2015 Political Parties in America Voting is one of the great rights that every American citizen is entitled to. It gives Americans the chance to voice their pleasure, or displeasure, with those who represent them in public office by selecting who they believe best represents their values and beliefs. But who organizes the candidates? What are they affiliated with? The answer is political parties. A political party is an organization of people who share theRead More Third Party Essay1288 Words   |  6 Pagesof Political Parties Introduction Since the last of the Whig party left office in 1852, the American political system has been primarily a two party system. The Democrats and the Republicans have been the two parties fighting for the Presidency since that time. There have been many other parties since that time, but mainly, these two have gone unopposed against each other. However, how much good do these parties actually do? Would our country be run as effectively if the presence of political partiesRead More Low Voter Turnout is NOT a Significant Problem in the United States1650 Words   |  7 PagesSignificant Problem in the United States The different strategies in political campaigning have led to lower voter turnout and less political participation by the general public according to Steven Schier in his book, Payment Due: A Nation In Debt, A Generation In Trouble. Different public and private interest groups can link these downturns to the changing political strategies and the lobbying of the government. Political participation and lower voter turnout is something that we should not

Drink Driving free essay sample

A. Driving under the influence (DUI), commonly called drunk driving, it refers to operating a motor vehicle while ones blood alcohol content is above the legal limit. Alcohol really impairs your ability to react quickly, make good judgements, and drive as well as you might normally. Social and Environmental Influences are factors that can contribute to alcohol impaired driving which often comes from friends and the situations their friends helped to create. These influences account for one third of all the decisions to drink and drive. Heavy drinking often occurs in response to encouragement from friends. For example, hosts may give the impression that they expect over consumption and do not appreciate moderation drinking. Friends may also promote heavy drinking to feel more comfortable in their own over consumption. Drink driving is a factor in about 20% of all fatal car accidents due to over drinking. Even if you have a blood alcohol content of 0. We will write a custom essay sample on Drink Driving or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 05 (the legal limit) it still doubles your risk of having an accident, a 0. 08 blood alcohol content there is a 7 times risk of having accident. Very few people set out to drive while impaired by alcohol. Instead, alcohol impaired driving results from a combination of decisions about drinking and decisions about driving, which brings the two acts together. A person willing to allow impaired friends to drive often arises from the need for a ride in the absence of an available designated driver. This can happen because the driver did not think of the need for a designated driver in advance, there was no sober passenger present, or the other drinking passengers were unwilling to drive, even though less impaired. Some passengers are less concerned about their scenario of being injured as a passenger than about the possibility of being arrested as a drinking driver. About one fifth of the decisions to drink and drive come from within the individual. These Personal Influences ranged from drinkers need for relaxation, to the desire to get wasted. One of the leading influences upon the decision to drive impaired was simply a persons failure to recognize or admit that they were under the influence of alcohol. Part B.

Scientific Management

Management has been a crucial human activity since time immemorial. Ever since human beings began forming social organizations with the aim of accomplishing particular objectives, management has been essential in ensuring the coordination of individual efforts.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Scientific Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As a matter of fact, the society has constantly depended on group efforts, which have increased with time, raising the significance and complexity of managerial work. Several management approaches have come up with the aim of elucidating how supervision should be executed within organizations. This paper aims at critically analyzing scientific management, shedding light on its principles and characteristics while establishing its level of applicability and inappropriateness in modern management. Definitions of Scientific Management The phrase scientific manageme nt is coined from two words; scientific and management. The term ‘scientific’ refers to the logical investigative and objective approach whereas ‘management’ refers to the process of ensuring that duties are executed through others. According to Fredrick Winslow Taylor, scientific management refers to the art of establishing the best and most cost-effective approach of doing things within an organization. It involves deciding what to do and who to do a particular task and the most appropriate way to perform a given task within the organization. According to him, scientific management refers to the application of scientific practices to management which include; selection, staffing, training, posting the employees and the most cost-effective means of doing a particular task (SWATI, 2011). As Harlow Person puts it, scientific management typifies a form of arrangement and practice in a purposive and combined effort which is based on the codes or laws that are formulated via the method of scientific analysis, as opposed to using strategies which are formulated in an experimental and informal manner of trial and error method (SWATI, 2011).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Jones argues that, scientific management refers to a set of clearly set regulations that are laid down by those in the managerial positions which should be applied to harmonize an organization in order to realize profound strictness for maximum productivity (SWATI, 2011). Lioyd, Dodd and zynch posits that, scientific management aims at getting the most out of the systems, employees and resources while influencing productivity with regards to positioning and planning of the employees towards the ultimate to achieve utmost productivity (SWATI, 2011). According to Peter F. Drucker, scientific management refers to a structured study of work within an organizat ion, the evaluation of the work in its basic form and the logical upgrading of the employees (SWATI, 2011). Precisely, scientific management, also known as Taylorism is a theory of management that applies the standards and practices of science in management (Hounshell, 1984). It evaluates and produces workflows with an aim of improving economic effectiveness, particularly on labor output. The theory was among the earliest approaches that applied science in the field of management. It was pioneered by Frederick Winslow Taylor in the early 1890s and was mostly applied in the manufacturing industries. Its influence hit the highest point around1910 after which an epoch of opposition and syncretism with conflicting or complementary thoughts cropped up (Beissinger, 1988). While scientific management as a distinctive theory had become out-dated by the 1940s, most of its aspects are still used within the industrial sector as well as managerial positions up to date. Such aspects include eval uation, synthesis, consistence, prudence, work values, competence, eliminating the unnecessary factors of production, consistency of exceptional practices, disregarding of egoistic customs and training of employees (Taylor, 1911).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Scientific Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In his scientific management approach, Taylor held that the managers of his time depended so much on individual ingenuity of employees in order to attain utmost output. However, these expectations were hardly met (Taylor, 1911). In an attempt to prove that the employees’ productivity is often far much below their capabilities, he suggested that all managers should apply the four principles of scientific management which are as follows. Outline a ‘science’ in every aspect of an employee’s work, choose the employees in a scientific manner, train and build the employe es scientifically and enhance good-natured cooperation between the employees and the managers in order to facilitate effective execution of work (Beissinger, 1988). Principles of Scientific Management Science against Rule of Thumb According to F. Taylor, the rule of thumb was a practice that was commonly used before the coming of scientific management. According to him, the practice was supposed to be substituted with scientific knowledge within organizations. He argued that the practice of the rule of thumb laid more emphasis on sheer guesswork while scientific management entails strictness in formulating and performing all the aspects of a given task. According to this approach this can only be achieved through the application of meticulous scientific analysis. This involves precision in all the aspects of work such as consistency of work as well as different degrees of payment for a given level of work (Taylor, 1911). Harmony as Opposed to Discord Taylor maintained that, organiza tions should maintain harmony through collective action while discord should be avoided. Harmony ensures that the different groups of people within the organization work as a single unit leading to the accomplishment of an organization’s objectives. Harmony guarantees utmost understanding of all the stakeholders within an organization enhancing a mutual relationship amongst the members (Taylor, 1911).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Co-operation vs. Individualism The approach of scientific management necessitates that all the different sections of an organization should combine forces with the aim of increased productivity. As a matter of fact, scientific management is based on reciprocated confidence, teamwork and benevolence. In order to achieve this, the employees as well as the management need to undergo a complete transformation with regards to their mental outlook. Taylor maintained that suspicion and enmity should be replaced with mutual confidence and friendliness respectively (Taylor, 1911). Characteristics of Scientific Management Development of Individual Employees for Competence and Success For maximum productivity, extra effort should be put in order to enhance the employees’ competence. While recruiting new employees, emphasis should be laid on the type of work and the competence of the employee towards a particular task, after which scientific training follows. The managers should employ i ncentive wage plan when dealing with individual employees. A combination of these efforts ensures that the employees attain their highest potential which leads to utmost success to both the individual and the company (Taylor, 1911). Standardization of Tools and Equipments According to scientific management, it is crucial to produce standard products and services and also bring about uniformity in the production of high quality goods and services. In fact, standardization should be applied with regards to the cost of production, equipments, tools, materials, duration, conditions and quantity of work (Taylor, 1911). Scientific Selection and Training of Workers The approach of scientific management demands that choosing and training employees should be done in a scientific method. This should be done with respect to their academic background, their wellbeing, experience, talents, physical fitness as well as intelligence. Appropriate training should then be offered with the help of qual ified personnel with respect to their ability and type of work (Taylor, 1911). Experimentation and Scientific Investigation The achievement of scientific management relies heavily upon research and investigation. It entails logical study, surveillance research, experimentation and exploration. In a contemporary organization, the most preeminent and most effective methods of doing work can only be achieved through continuous testing and scientific research (Taylor, 1911). Incentive Wage System Taylor supported a wage system that was in form of differential piece wages. This system entailed two different wages where employees who attained a given target within a given time limit were paid their wages at a higher rate per unit while those who could not meet the right standards within a given time limit were paid their wages at a lower rate per unit. In other words, the incentive wage system entails a substantial disparity in wages between those who are able to achieve or outdo a given target within a given time and those who do not (Hartness, 1912). Efficient attain system The approach of scientific management involves caution in determining the total cost of production and also the cost at every level of production. It is based on a cost-effective economy. While implementing an organization’s objectives, any needless factors of production are done away with in an attempt to achieve maximum production within minimum cost. The approach ensures minimum wastage in all the factors of production (SWATI, 2011). Scientific Allotment of Task Scientific management ensures that any task is delegated to the best employee available, depending on one’s ability and professional qualification for the particular task. Indeed, no matter how well an individual is competent, it is extremely difficult to execute all the tasks proficiently. For this reason, managers should cautiously establish the best individual for every job and the best job for every individual. This is because one is able to execute a given job most proficiently as long as it matches his preference, ability and qualifications (Head, 2005). Effectiveness of Scientific Management in Business Running Scientific management can be termed as the most established approach of designing the tasks of employees. The principles of this approach are the foundation of modern industrial and organizational production methods in job planning. These techniques entail making work practices more proficient, establishing the most appropriate means of executing the jobs and aligning the work flows (Noble, 1984). In addition, several contemporary management terminologies such as quality circles, reengineering, and total quality management can be traced back to scientific management. Moreover, employee and manager training which is common in modern companies was also an indispensable aspect of the principles of scientific management (Aitken, 1985). As a matter of fact, modern management borrows a lot of concepts from scientific management. Such concepts include; the use of incentives for excellent performance, planning of jobs with the use of proficient work procedures, choosing of employees depending on their abilities to execute specific tasks, training of employees to improve efficiency in their work and training the managers in order to effectively supervise the workers ( Aitken,1985). However, its tremendous achievements, Taylor’s scientific management approach failed to solve all the challenges experienced by the managers while supervising the employees as they execute their day to day work. This can be attributed to the intrinsic flaws of scientific management (Drury, 1915). These flaws include the idea of breaking down work into its basic constituents to achieve the accomplishment of the tasks by the employees as evaluated by the managers as well as the flaw of isolating the planning of work from the execution. According to some critics, these only made the emplo yees to gain more experience and routine other than knowledge and appreciation. The approach of scientific management has also been criticized for the discrepancy of the workers needs (Drury, 1915). Such criticisms with regards to Taylor’s approach of scientific management led to the development of other alternatives. This included the modern theories of management such as performance management approach. These theories included job enrichment as well as job enlargement. Job enrichment incorporates accomplishment, development, and appreciation prospects in the job while Job enlargement merges numerous tasks into a single task providing variety (Mullins, 2004). In Conclusion it is clear that the principles of scientific management are still applied in modern management. The rise of modern management approaches, and the criticism may not have been directed upon the principles of scientific management, but on scientific management that cropped up in the modern management schools of thoughts. Research indicates that, contemporary industrial production, quality circles, reengineering schemes, and total quality management innovations depend on workflow knowledge and other practices that mirror the first principle of scientific management. On the other hand, the modern recruitment system employed by the human resource personnel as well as the selection criteria reflects the second principle of scientific management while training and development of the employees and the managers can be seen in the third principle. Furthermore, several modern organizations call for mutual cooperation between the employees and the managers, representing the fourth principle of scientific management. For this reason, Taylor is still regarded highly by various management experts to date (SWATI, 2011). Reference List Aitken, J. (1985). Scientific Management in Action: Taylorism at Watertown  Arsenal, Princeton, NJ, USA: Princeton University Press. Beissinger, R. (1988).Scientific Management, Socialist Discipline, and  Soviet Power. London, UK: I.B. Tauris Co Ltd. Drury, B. (1915). Scientific Management: A History and Criticism, New York, NY, USA: Columbia University. Hartness, J. (1912).The human Factor in Works Management. London: McGraw-Hill. Head, S. (2005). The New Ruthless Economy: Work and Power in the  Digital Ag,.Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Hounshell, A. (1984). The Development of Manufacturing Technology in  The United States. Baltimore, Maryland, USA: Johns Hopkins University Press. Mullins, J. (2004). Management and Organizational Behavior. Financial Times–FT Press–Prentice-Hall–Pearson Education Ltd. Noble, F. (1984). Forces of Production: A Social History of Industrial  Automation. New York, New York, USA: Knopf. SWATI, G. (2011). Meaning, Definition Characteristics and Features  Scientific Management. Web. Taylor, Frederick Winslow (1911).The Principles of Scientific Management. New York, NY, USA and Lo ndon, UK: Harper Brothers. This research paper on Scientific Management was written and submitted by user Nightmare to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

My Dads - Sample Common Application Essay - Option #1

My Dads - Sample Common Application Essay - Option #1 The essay prompt for option #1 of the 2018-19  Common Application allows students a lot of breadth: Some students have a background, identity, interest, or talent that is so meaningful they believe their application would be incomplete without it. If this sounds like you, then please share your story. The prompt allows students to write about just about anything they find extremely important in their lives. Charlie chose this option because his atypical family situation was a defining part of his identity. Here is his essay: Charlie's Common Application Essay My Dads I have two dads. They met in the early 80s, became partners soon after, and adopted me in 2000. I think I’ve always know that we were a little different from most families, but that’s never really bothered me. My story, that which defines me, is not that I have two dads. I’m not automatically a better person, or smarter, or more talented, or better looking because I am the child of a same-sex couple. I’m not defined by the number of fathers I have (or the lack of mothers). Having two dads is inherent to my person not because of the novelty; it’s inherent because it has afforded me a completely unique life perspective. I’m very fortunate to have grown up in a loving and safe environment- with caring friends, family, and neighbors. I know for my dads, that was not always the case. Living on a farm in Kansas, my dad Jeff struggled internally with his identity for years. My dad Charley was luckier; born and raised in New York City, he was always supported by his parents and the community there. He only has a few stories of being harassed on the street or the subway. Dad Jeff, though, has a web of scarring on his right arm, from the time he was jumped leaving a bar; one of the men pulled a knife on him. When I was little, he used to make up stories about these scars; it wasn’t until I was fifteen that he told me the truth. I know how to be afraid. My dads know how to be afraid- for me, for themselves, for the life they’ve created. When I was six, a man threw a brick through our front window. I don’t remember much about that night save for a few images: the police arriving, my aunt Joyce helping to clean up the glass, my dads hugging, how they let me sleep in their bed that night. This night wasn’t a turning point for me, a realization that the world is an ugly, nasty place. We carried on as usual, and nothing like that ever happened again. I guess, in retrospect, my dads were just used to living slightly afraid. But it never stopped them from going out in public, being seen together, being seen with me. Through their bravery, their unwillingness to give in, they taught me the virtue of courage more concretely and lasting than a thousand parables or Bible verses ever could. I also know how to respect people. Growing up in a â€Å"different† family dynamic has led me to appreciate and understand others who are labeled as â€Å"different.† I know how they feel. I know where they’re coming from. My dads know what it is like to be spat on, looked down on, yelled at, and belittled. Not only do they want to keep me from being bullied; they want to keep me from bullying. They have taught me, through their actions, beliefs, and habits, always to strive to be the best person I can. And I know countless other people have learned the same things from their own parents. But my story is different. I wish having same-sex parents wasn’t the novelty it is. I’m not a charity case, or a miracle, or a role model because I have two dads. But I am who I am because of them. Because of all they’ve lived through, dealt with, suffered, and tolerated. And from that, they’ve taught me how to help others, how to care about the world, how to make a difference- in a thousand small ways. I am not just the â€Å"boy with two dads;† I’m the boy with two dads who taught him how to be a decent, caring, courageous, and loving human being. A Critique of Charlie's Common Application Essay Overall, Charlie has written a strong essay. This critique looks at the features of the  essay that make it shine as well as a few areas that could use a little improvement. The Essay Title Charlies title is short and simple, but it is also effective. Most college applicants have a single dad, so the mention of plural dads is likely to pique the interest of the reader. Good titles dont need to be funny, punny, or clever, and Charlie has clearly gone for a straight-forward but effective approach. There are, of course, many strategies for writing a good essay title, but Charlie has done a good job on this front.    The Essay Length For the 2018-19 academic year, the Common Application essay has a word limit of 650 and a minimum length of 250 words. At 630 words, Charlies essay is on the long side of the range. Youll see advice from many college counselors stating that you are better off keeping your essay short, but that advice is controversial. Sure, you dont want to have wordiness, fluff, digressions, vague language, or redundancy in your essay (Charlie is not guilty of any of these sins). But a well-crafted, tight, 650-word essay can provide the admissions folks with a more detailed portrait of you than a 300-word essay. The fact that the college is asking for an essay means that it has  holistic admissions, and the admissions folks want to learn about you as an individual. Use the space youve been given to do so. Again, there are many theories about the ideal essay length, but you can obviously do a more thorough job introducing yourself to the college with an essay that takes advantage of the space youve been given. The Essay Topic Charlie steers clear of some of the obvious bad essay topics, and he has certainly focused on a topic that the admissions folks wont see very frequently. His topic is an excellent choice for Common Application option #1 for his domestic situation has clearly played a defining role in who he is. There are, of course, a few conservative colleges with religious affiliations that would not look favorably upon this essay, but thats not an issue here since those are schools that would not be a good match for Charlie. The essay topic is also a good choice in that it illustrates how Charlie will contribute to the diversity of the college campus. Colleges want to enroll a diverse college class, for we all learn from interacting with people who are different than us. Charlie contributes to diversity not through race, ethnicity, or sexual orientation, but by having an upbringing that is different from the great majority of people.   Weaknesses of the Essay For the most part, Charlie has written an excellent essay. The prose in the essay is clear and fluid, and aside from an incorrect  punctuation mark and a vague pronoun reference, the writing is pleasing free of errors. Although Charlies essay isnt likely to create any significant concerns from readers, the tone of the conclusion could use a little reworking. The last sentence, in which he calls himself a decent, caring, courageous, and loving human being, comes across as a little strong with the self-praise. In fact, that last paragraph would be stronger if Charlie simply cut the final sentence. Hes already made the point in that sentence without the problem of tone we encounter at the very end. This is a classic case of show, dont tell. Charlie has shown that he is a decent person, so he doesnt need to spoon feed that information to his reader. The Overall Impression Charlies essay has much that is excellent, and the admissions folks are likely to respond positively to how understated most of it is. For example, when Charlie narrates the scene of the brick flying through the window, he says, this night wasnt a turning point for me. This is not an essay about sudden life-changing epiphanies; rather, it is about the life-long lessons in bravery, perseverance, and love that have made Charlie into the person that he is. A couple simple questions you can ask when evaluating an essay are these: 1) Does the essay help us get to know the applicant better? 2) Does the applicant seem like someone who would contribute to a campus community in a positive way? With Charlies essay, the answer to both questions is yes. To see more sample essays and learn strategies for each of the essay options, be sure to read The 2018-19 Common Application Essay Prompts.